THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


// 


A   MANUAL 

OF 

1»H©:^"OORAPHY; 

OR, 

WRITING  BY  SOUND; 

A    NATURAL     METHOD     OF   WRITING    ALL     LANGUAGES 

232  ®^^^  alphabet, 

COMPOSED  OF  SIGNS  THAT  REPRESENT  THE 
SOUNDS  or  THE  HUZtEAN  VOZCS  ; 

ADAPTED    ALSO   TO   THE    ENGLISH    LANGUAGE    SO   AS    TO    FORM 

A  COMPLETE  SYSTEM  OF 

PHONETIC    WRITING, 

APPLICABLE  TO  EVERY  PURPOSE  : 

Being  six  times  briefer  and  more  easily  read  than  the  common  long  handj 

and  when  adapted  to  Reporting,  a  speaker  can  be  followed  verbatim 

u-iihout  the  use  of  any  arbitrary  marks,  and  the  report  read 

at  any  distance  of  time  with  the  greatest  facility. 


BY    ISAAC   PITMAN, 


Third  American  Edition— (with  Additions.) 


[Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1844,  in  the  ClerK's 
Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Southern  District  of  New  Vork  ] 


NEW    YORK: 

J'RINTED  AND  PUBLISHED  BY  JOHN  DONLEVY,  105  FULTON  ST. 

And  sold  at  the  principal  Book- Stores  i?j  the  Unittd  Stattt. 

1844. 


s» 


6 


\SH 


IjNTRODUCTION 


Phonograpliy  is  a  system  of  ^mting  by  sound,  or  of 
DaguerreotyiDing  speech  on  ipajper  in  so  scientific  a  man* 
ner  as  to  represent,  with  infallible  accuracy,  all  the  souncI^; 
c/5  of  the  human  voice  ;  consequently,  not  only  the  English, 
^  but  all  other  languages  can  be  written  by  it,  and  in  a  mode, 
*""  too,  beyond  comparison,  shorter  than  any  other  short-hand 
^  in  existence,  and  at  the  same  time  so  legible  that  it  can  be 
*::  read  as  easily  as  common  print. 

This  art  is  creating  an  extraordinary  excitem.ent  in  Eng- 
land. Public  meetings  and  festivals  are  being  held  in  the 
principal  cities  and  towns  in  that  kingdom,  to  "  commem- 
£2  orate  its  introduction,'^  and  to  do  honor  to  its  inventor. 
The  Gentlemen  of  the  Press  have  unanimously  adopted  it. 
It  has  been  introduced  to  the  King's  College,  London,  and 
the  University  of  Glasgow,  and  also  to  the  principal  Schools 
and  IMercantile  establishments.  A  Phonographic  Associ- 
ation has  been  formed,  and  a  monthly  Journal  is  printed  in 
the  Phonographic  character,  upwards  of  a  thousand  copies 
of  which  have  been  put  in  circulation,  and  the  art  bids 
fair,  in  a  very  short  time,  to  supersede  the  prasent  cum- 
brous system  of  wi'iting. 

The  importance  of  such  an  art  as  this,  to  society  gener- 
ally, and  particularly  to  a  great  community  lite  ours,  can- 
not be  too  highly  estimated.     Its  introduction  will  effect  a 


449470 


revolution  in  the  present  monotonous  method  of  educft-* 
tion — render  it  much  more  effective,  and  thereby  consid- 
erably increase  the  conservatism  of  our  Institutions.  It 
will  give  increased  celerity  to  the  movements  of  the  public 
press,  by  obviating  the  necessity,  which  reporters  are  now 
under,  of  translating  their  notes,  as  the  persons  employed 
in  the  mechanical  department  of  the  press,  (who  really  de- 
sire to  retain  their  situations,)  will  be  compelled  to  acquire 
the  art  (as  is  being  done  by  contemporary  classes  in  Eng- 
land.) 

To  clerical,  legal,  and  literary  gentlemen,  it  is  sufficient 
to  state,  that  this  invaluable  art  is  so  self-evidently  supe- 
rior to  its  stenographic  predecessors,  that  a  glance  at  the 
"system '"  will  show  that  he  who  is  unacquainted  with  it  is 
in  arrears  of  the  age. 

To  dwell  on  its  importance  to  the  commercial  portion  of 
the  community,  would  be  to  insult  their  intelligence ;  as, 
from  the  principal  in  his  private  office,  anxiously  awaiting 
the  receipt  of  important  advices,  to  the  copying-clerk  at 
his  desk — who  spends  twelve  hours  at  an  unhealthy  em- 
ployment, which  Phonography  will  enable  him  to  perform 
in  two — all  will  alike  be  benefitted. 

Secretaries,  Teachers,  Book-keepers,  and  Clerks  gen- 
erally, will  consult  their  professional  and  pecuniary  inter- 
ests, by  an  immediate  acquaintance  with  the  art ;  for, 
apart  from  the  laudable  ambition  of  becoming  as  perfect  in 
one's  profession  as  possible,  by  which  all  intelligent  indi- 
viduals are  supposed  to  be  stimulated,  reasoning  from  the 
rapid  progress  of  Phonography  since  its  introduction — the 
day  is  not  far  distant  when  gentlemen  of  the  professions 
enumerated,  if  not  previously  Phonographers,  will  find  as 
much  difficulty  in  obtaining  situations,  as  a  Chinese  coaster 
would  in  getting  a  cargo,  if  about  to  sail  from  one  of  our 
docks,  in  opposition  to  the  Great  Western. 


Educated  hut  unemployed  gouyig  men  may  now  earn 
an  honorable  and  lucrative  livelihood,  by  learning  the  art, 
forming  classes,  and  teaching  their  less  enterprising  or 
more  busily  employed  fellow-citizens;  for,  unlike  the  old 
"systems  "  of  stenography,  which,  in  consequence  of  their 
impracticability,  were  confined  to  the  closets  of  the  learned, 
or  practised  only  by  the  professional  adept — Phonography 
is  brought  to  such  a  degree  of  perfection  that  any  individ- 
ual of  the  most  ordinary  capacity  can  acquire  it  with  the 
greatest  ease,  and  practice  it  with  perfect  success. 

To  the  people,  the  greater  portion  of  whose  time  is  spent 
in  toil,  or  whose  habits  of  business,  in  consequence  of  the 
ieen  competition  which  every  branch  of  trade  and  manu- 
factures has  to  contend,  are  such  as  to  occupy  almost  all  the 
working  hours,  and  too  often  many  of  those  which  should 
l3e  devoted  to  rest,  but  which  are  incompatible  with  the 
pursuit  of  those  studies,  which  the  requirements  of  the 
present  enlightened  age  demand  of  those  who  desire  to  at- 
tain a  **  status  in  society,''  or  icho  icould  not  rank  amongst 
the  most  ignorant  and  uneducated  portion  of  tJie  com- 
munity, this  noble  art  will  prove  an  invaluable  desidera- 
tum, "  a  royal  road  to  knowledge/' 

Its  acquisition  will  inconceivably  benefit  all  classes,  as 
by  it  they  will  be  enabled  to  retain,  for  future  study,  the 
substance  of  lectures,  sermons,  and  such  other  information 
as  they  are  daily  in  the  habit  of  acquiring;  by  it  they  can 
record  and  preserve  those  germs  of  thought,  which  spring- 
up,  as  it  were,  spontaneously  in  the  mind  of  every  think- 
ing, intelligent  being,  and  which  now  are  forever  lost  to  the 
memory.  How  many  ideas,  which  have  been  presented  to 
the  mind  in  our  moments  of  thought  and  reflection,  which, 
had  we  possessed  some  ready  and  expeditious  met liod,  would 
have  been  treasured  up  as  the  materials  of  thinking  for  tlie 
future,  have  been  suffered  to  sink  into  oblivion,  like  leltercj 


6 

traced  in  the  sand  of  the  sea  shore,  which  the  succeeding 
tide  has  completely  obliterated!  How  many  of  the 
thoughts  and  experiences  of  others,  in  verbal  conversation 
with  us,  might  be  made  our  o"\vn,  by  judiciously  noting 
dov/n  what  was  worth  remembering,  in  the  occasional  re- 
view of  which  we  should  find  great  advantage,  resulting  in 
that  practical  wisdom  in  our  conduct  in  life,  which  is  as  es- 
timable in  the  sight  of  others,  as  it  is  invaluable  to  its  pos- 
sessors ;  elevating  the  individual  character,  and  benefit- 
ting, by  its  example,  the  world  at  large. 

We  can  scarcely  take  up  a  volum.e,  if  our  books  be  ju- 
diciously selected,  without  finding  some  happy  turn  of 
thought  or  expresssion,  or  some  fact  of  sufficient  interest, 
to  merit  a  brief  transcription;  and  here  Phonography 
lends  a  ready  aid, by  concentrating,  in  the  smallest  compass, 
and  in  the  shortest  time,  those  valuable  resources  to  vvhich 
the  mind  can  continually  ha^e  recourse  for  food  and 
strength. 

To  the  student,  this  power  of  appropriating  to  his  owti 
purposes  those  gems  which,  but  lor  it,  would  lie  forgotten 
amongst  the  literary  accvimulations  of  modern  times,  must 
Ix^  regarded  as  every  way  v/orthy  of  attention. 

In  short,  the  attainment  of  this  art  is  indispensable  to 
success  in  the  acquisition  of  knowledge,  in  the  pursuits  of 
science,  in  the  routine  of  business,  or  in  the  pleas-ures  of 
literature  ;  it  v,-ill  do  for  mind  v/hat  steam  lias  done  for 
matter,  almost  literally  annihilate  time  and  space,  facili- 
tate mental  communication,  materially  contribute  to  the 
.c'-eneral  difiusion  of  knowledge,  and  iiccelerate  the  pro- 
i>Tess  of  civilization  to  an  extent  almost  inconceivable. 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  PHONOGRAPHYo 

1.  The  comraimication  of  the  thoughts  and  affections 
from  one  person  to  another,  may  he  accomplished  either 
by  changes  of  the  countenance  and  by  gestures  in  general, 
hy  spoken  sounds,  or  by  written  signs.  On  the  first  of 
these  modes  of  conveying  thought  we,  in  an  "  Introduction 
to  Phonogeaphy,"  (which  is  professedly  the  writing  of 
SOUNDS,)  have  nothing  to  say,  and  shall  proceed  at  once 
to  the  subject  of  spoken  and  written  language. 

2.  Hitherto,  among  all  nations,  there  has  existed  the 
greatest  disparity,  in  point  of  facility  and  dispatch,  be- 
tAveen  these  two  methods  of  communication :  the  former 
has  always  been  comparatively  rapid,  easy  and  delightful ; 
the  latter,  tedious,  cumbrous,  and  wearisome.     It  is  most 
strange  that  we,  who  excel  our  progenitors  so  far,  in  sci- 
ence, literature,  and  commerce,  should  continue  to  use  a 
mode  of  writing,  which,  by  its  complexity,  obliges  the 
readiest  hand  to  spend  at  least  six  hours  in  writing  what 
can  be  spoken  in  one.     Why  do  we  use  a  long  series  of 
arbitrary  marks  to  represent  what  the  voice  utters  at  a  sin- 
gle effort  ?     Why,  in  short,  are  not  our  written  signs  as 
simple  as  our  spoken  sounds  ?     It  cannot  be  said  that  this 
is  impracticable ;  for,  the  System  of  Writing  here  pre- 
sented, is  really  and  entirely  practical,  as  it  may  at  once  be 
written  with  fiuency  and  ease,  and  deciphered,  after  any 
length  of  time,  with  rapidity  and  accuracy.     To  the  sur- 
prise and  delight  of  the  Author,  it  has  been  gradually  un- 
folding its  beauties  to  his  research,  ever  since  he  discov- 
ered its  principles  a  few  years  ago  ;  until  he  is  now  able 
to  present  it  apparently  perfect  and  harmonious  in  all  its 
parts.    The  System  offers  a  method  of  really  exhibiting 


speech  on  paper,  by  signs  as  simple  and  intelligible  as  the 
sounds  they  represent. 

3.  The  great  and  desirable  object  which  the  author  l)e- 
lie\es  he  has  accomplished,  is  briefly  this ;  the  represen- 
tation of  every  sound  and  articulation  that  occurs  in  any 
language,  by  a  simple  and  easy  formed  sign,  which  will 
readily  enter  into  every  combination  required,  a 7ic/  which 
is  never  used  to  represent  more  than  that  one  sound  or 
articulation  :  here,  as  not  only  every  sound  has  a  sign,  but 
as,  also,  «very  sign  represents  a  sound,  all  ambiguity  ends, 
and  all  difficulty  in  reading  what  has  }^^\\  written,  ^'an- 
ishes. 

4.  These  signs  being  of  the  briefest  description,  (sim- 
ple dots  and  strokes,)  Phonography  is  necessarily  a  system 
of  SHORT  HAND ;  but,  it  must  be  seen  from  what  has  been 
stated,  that  it  is  radically  distinct  from  every  other  that 
has  appeared.  In  Phonography,  it  may  almost  be  said, 
that  the  very  sound  of  every  ivordis  made  visible  :  where- 
as, in  deciphering  any  former  system  of  Short  Hand,  the 
context,  the  memory,  the  judgm^ent,  all  must  be  called  in  to 
avssist  the  eye.  This  is  the  great  obstacle  which  has  hith- 
erto prevented  Short  Hand  from  coming  into  general  use. 
Its  illegibility  when  written  has  rendered  it  unsafe  to 
com.mit  our  thoughts  to  its  faithless  keeping,  and  quite 
insufficient  to  supersede  common  writing  as  a  means  of 
communication.  It  has,  indeed,  become  proverbial,  that 
it  is  more  difficult  to  read  tlcan  to  w^ritk  Sliort  Hand. 
The  very  opposite  of  this  is  the  case  with  regard  to  Pho- 
nography, it  is  easier  to  read  than  to  write  it :  at  the 
sa.me  time,  it  may  be  asserted  that  it  is  as  easy  to  write  this 
as  any  other  system.  It  may  be  well  here  to  remind  the 
reader,  although  the  fact  is  obvious,  that,  siciftness  in  per- 
i'orming  writing  of  any  kind,  can  be  attained  cniy  by  trac- 

TICE. 


5.  To  any  person  whose  desire  may  Ije  awakened  to 
iearn  the  few  marks  or  signs  by  which  the  sounds  and  ar- 
ticulations are  represented,  the  following  brief  observa- 
tions, illustrative  of  principles,  and  entering  a  little  into 
practice^  will  prove  an  easy  guide,  either  to  read  or  write 
the  system,  in  a  very  short  space  of  time. 

6.  It  is  a  fact  but  little  known,  that  there  are  in  the 
English  language,  not  more  than  six  essentially  difterent 
rounds,  usually  called  vowels,  which  are  combined  into 
words  by  not  more  than  thirteen  simple  articulations,  or 
consonants,  and  one  aspirate,  or  breathing.  This  divis- 
ion of  speech  into  sounds  and  articulations,  it  may  be  re- 
marked, is  a  natural  one,  and  exists  in  all  languages. 

7.  In  the  formation  of  the  present  system,  the  organs  of 
speech  have  been  carefully  and  minutely  studied,  and  it 
h'ds  been  deemed  expedient  to  arrange  the  vowels  and  ar- 
ticulations, not  alphabeticalhj,  but  according  to  their  nat- 
ural order.  Thus,  the  letter  p  stands  first;  it  is  the  least 
complicated  of  all  articulations,  being  formed  by  the  very 
edges  of  the  lips,  and  not  requiring  the  assistance,  either 
of  the  teeth,  the  tongue,  or  the  palate,  in  its  production. 
"Next  in  order  stands  b,  then  t,  d,  &c.  The  rest  follow  in  a 
j^'rfectly  natural  arrangement,  as  will  be  perceived  upon 
making  a  few^  trials  with  the  Phonographic  Alphabet. 

8.  It  has  been  found  that  the  Articulations  or  Conso- 
nants do  not  consist  of  a  long  series  of  different  formations, 
but  only  about  half  the  number  are  essentially  varied,  and 
that  the  remainder  are  merely  the  flattened  sounds  of  the 
others  ;  thus,  ;)  and  b  ;  t  and  d  ;  /and  v,  &c.,  are  precisely 
the  same  articulations,  modified  by  being  sharpened  or 
flattened  by  utterance.  If  we  followed  nature,  our  signs 
to  represent  these  would  equally  correspond  ;  and  thus  not 
(mly  is  the  memory  not  burdened  with  a  multitude  of  signs, 
but  the  mind  perceives  that  a  thin  stroke  harmonizes  with 


10 

a  thin  articulation,  and  a  thick  stroke  with  a  thick  artic- 
ulation. After  a  few  months*  practice  in  writing  the  sys- 
tem, every  pupil  finds  that  the  heavy  strokes  are  made 
without  any  additional  effort ;  they  flow  from  the  pen  with 
as  much  facility  as  their  corresponding  heavy  sounds  do 
from  the  lips. 

9.  It  has  also  been  found  that  these  simple  articulations 
which  have  heen  adverted  to,  such  as^,  b  ;  t,  d,  kc,  are,  in 
a  vast  numher  of  words,  indissoluhly  united  with  the  two  let- 
ters I  and  r  into  a  kind  oi  double  letter,  pronounced,  how- 
ever, by  a  single  effort;  as,  for  instance, the  wovds place  and 
praise,  are  not  pronounced  '"''pelace,"  ^^ peraise,"  butthep 
and  /,  and  p  and  r,  become  actually  one,  by  a  trill  of  the 
tongue  against  the  palate,  while  the  lips  are  producing  the 
jt>.  These  two  letters  also  coalesce  into  a  single  utterance  in 
the  last  syllable  of  the  words  iemple,  people,  ])Rper,  coo- 
per,  &c. 

10.  The  natural  way  of  expressing  these  combinations 
in  writing,  would  undoubtedly  be,  to  effect  some  marked 
and  uniform  modification  of  i\\e  simple  letters,  which 
should  yet  leave  their  characteristic  forms  untouched  ;  this 
has  been  accomplished  in  the  Phonographic  system. 

11.  It  has  been  further  ascertained,  that  not  only  do  the 
various  articulations  combine,  as  just  described,  with  I  and 
r,  but  that  these  two  letters  also  coalesce  with  the  others  in 
the  opposite  direction;  thus,  I  and  p  in  utterance,  be- 
come one  in  ]ielp,2julp,  he. ;  /  and  d  are  one  infield,  bold, 
&c. ;  r  and  p  become  one  in  sharp,  harp,  &c. ;  r  and  b  in 
garb,  barb,  kc. ;  and  the  Phonographic  signs  for  the  simple 
articulations,  are  again  used  to  represent  these,  as  before, 
only  subject  to  analogous  modification.  In  short,  these  two 
letters,  /  and  r,  appropriately  called  liquids,  will  com- 
bine, and  do  combine  in  speech,  with  every  other  conso- 
7iant,  excepjt  the  nasal  v.gfoigj  both  before  and  after; 


11 

and  each  double  consonant,  t"hus  produced,  is  represented 
in  Phonography  hy  a  single  mark,  formed,  by  the  applica- 
tion of  a  simple  principle,  from  the  letter  \\ith  which  the 
liquid  enters  into  combination. 

12.  A  word  as  to  the  Voicels,  or  Sounds  of  the  lan- 
guage. There  are  in  the  English  language  about  forty 
sounds,  reckoning  both  the  simple  and  compound,  but 
there  is  not  any  such  amount  of  signs  to  be  learned ;  a  seri- 
ous difficulty  would  indeed  exist  if  there  were.  By  the  dis- 
covery of  their  real  affinities,  they  admit  of  a  most  bimple 
arrangement.  The  vowels,  like  the  articulations,  separate 
into  two  great  classes ;  those  having  a  full,  and  those  hav- 
ing a  67tarpe?iec?  pronunciation.  If  the  word  y<°e2' be  dis- 
tinctly pronounced,  and  then  immediately  the  word  fit,  it 
will  be  perceived  that  the  vov/el  in  Jit  is  actually  nothing 
but  the  sharpened  sound  of  that  in  feet. 

13.  The  following  list  exhibits  all  the  pure  vowel  sounds. 
The  reader  is  requested  to  pronounce  them  aloud  in  natural 
gradation,  and  to  mark  them  carefully. 

1.  e.        I      4.     au. 

2.  a.  5.     o. 

3.  ah.      1      6.     00. 

Each  of  these  vowels  has  also  a  sharp  sound ;  thus 
No.  1.  the  vowel  in  feet  when  short  is  heard  in  fit. 

2 mate met. 

3 path pat. 

4 law      lot. 

5 note     nut. 

G fool      full. 

They  are  numbered  for  ease  of  reference. 

14.  A  little  attention  to  what  follows,  will  insure  the 
right  understanding  of  the  principle  upon  which  the  short 
hand  signs  for  these  vowels  are  arranged.  A  lire  of  writing 
necessarily  occupies  a  certain  space  upon  the  paper,  and 


12 

this  is  taken  advantage  of  in  Phonograpliy  to  make  a  sim- 
ple rhancje  in  the  positioti  of  the  vowel-sign,  answer  all 
the  purposes  of  a  multitude  of  different  characters.  For 
instance,  the  sign  for  the  vowel  sounds,  1,  2,  3,  is  a  full 
point,  placed  before  or  after  the  articulating  letter,  as  the 
case  may  be. 

15.  From  these  six  pure  or  simple  vowels,  a  double  se- 
ries of  compound  ones  is  produced.  They  are  expressed 
in  long  hand  by  prefixing  the  letters  y  and  ic  to  the  sim- 
ple vowels,  e,  o,  &c. ;  thus  e  becomes  ye  and  ice ;  o  be- 
comes yo  and  iro,  &c.  &c.  The  y  (which  is  in  fact  the 
vowel  e)  and  w  (which  is  really  oo)  here  coalesce  mth 
the  vowel  that  follows,  and  a  single  sign  should,  therefore, 
represent  them.  Phonography,  from  its  own  resources, 
and  without  the  least  change  of  principle,  meets  the  de- 
mand, and  points  out  a  just  and  simple  mode  of  writing 
these  compoimd  yet  perfectly  united  vowels.  It  represents 
the  y  and  w  compounds  by  small  curves.  The  preceding 
explanation  of  the  position  of  the  simple  vowels  applies 
equally  to  these  ;  and  adapts  them,  small  as  is  their  num- 
ber, to  every  varied  requirement. 

16.  The  double  vowels,  i,  oi,  and  ow,  form  part  of  an- 
other series,  which  includes  also,  several  foreign  and  pro- 
vincial sounds.  They  are  produced  by  the  union  of  the  in- 
termediate vowels,  Nos.  2,  3, 4, 5,  with  Nos.  1  and  6. 

17.  As  a  system  of  Short  Hand,  Phonography  takes 
the  first  place ;  its  signs  are  sim^pler  and  brieft^r  tiian  these 
of  any  other  system,  and  shorter  by  at  least  two  fifths. 

18.  iMany  other  points,  of  equal  interest,  might  be  no- 
ticed; but,  let  it  sufiice  to  say,  the  system  harmonizes  in  all 
its  parts;  and,  however  viewed,  presents  simplicity  as  its 
beauty,  and  comm.ends  itself  to  notice  by  its  adaptation  to 
our  wants. 


13 

19.  Particular  attention  is  called  to  the  i^eneral  tnith« 
exhibited  in  this  introduction;  for,  beyond  them,  there  is 
scarcely  any  difficulty.  Indeed,  so  reduced  is  every  portion 
of  the  system  to  certain  and  easy  understood  principles, 
that  the  perception  of  one  part  almost  necessarily  leads  to 
the  attainment  of  the  rest. 


14 


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16 


COMPARISON  OF   ALPHABETS 


Arabic. 


Name. 
Elif    . 

Power. 
..  .A 

Be      . 

...B 

Te      . 

...T 

Thee. 

..  T 

Gjim  . 

..  G 

Hha  . 

...Hh 

Cha    . 

. .  .Ch 

Dal     . 

...D 

Dhsal 

...D 

Re      . 

...R 

Ze      . 

..  Z 

aim     . 

...s 

Sim    . 

...Sj 

Sad    . 

...s 

Dad   . 

...D 

Ta     . 

...T 

Da     . 

...D 

Ain    . 

...Ai 

Gain  . 

...G 

Fe      . 

...F 

Kaf  . 

...K 

Kef    . 

...C 

Lam  . 

..  L 

Mim  . 

...M 

Nun  . 

..  N 

Waw. 

...w 

He     . 

...H 

le 

...r 

The    vowel    points 
were  assumed  by  the 
Arabs  when  this  Al- 
phabet was  inv'nted  by 
Ibn  Mulka,  the  Vizier. 

Samaritan.  Chal- 
DEB,  AND  Hbbrew. 


Name.  Power. 

Aleph Aspiration. 

Beth         B 

Gimel       G 

Daleth      D 

He  H 

Vau  V 

Zain  Z 

Cheth       Ch 

Teth         ....    r.  th 
lod  ....  1.  J.  Y. 

Caph         K 

Lamed      L 

Mem         M 

Nun  !S 

Samek      S 

Ain  H.  Gh.  neh. 

Peh  ....  P.  Ph. 

Tzade       T.  tz. 

Ct)ph        K 

Resh         R 

Schin       Sh.  s 

Tau  ....     T.  th 

Samaritan,  Chaldee, ! 
and  Hebrew  Alpha- 
bets, agree  in  the 
names  and  po\?vers  of 
their  Letters,  and  only 
differ  in  the  shape  of 
the  characters.  Be- 
sides these  Letters, 
there  are  ?^owels  in- 
serted at  the  bottom  or 


Old  Irish. 


Pou-er- 

...B 

...L 

...N 

...F 

...S 

...H 

...D 


Name 
Beth  .... 
Luis  .... 
Nion  .... 
Fearn. . . , 

Sail    

Hath.... 

Duir 

Tmue T 

Coll   C 

Muin M 

Gort G 

Peth-boi;   P 

Ruis R 

Allm A 

Ou      O 

Ur      Vx 

Eaadhadlh      E 

Idho I 

It  will  be  observed 
that  this  Alphabet  ia 
arranged  differently 
from  most  others  in 
the  order  of  its  Let- 
ters. Before  the  use 
of  paper  or  the  )ike 
materials,  for  writing, 
the  Irish  wrote  with 
iron  pencils,  or  styles, 
on  planed  tables  of 
beech  wood :  hence, 
their  letters  are 
called  F ea  dh  a  ,  or 
wood. 


top  of  the  lines. 

This  summary  view  ot  languages  and  more  minute  comparison  of 
some  alphabets,' by  exhibiting  the  clashing  of  numbers  in  the  marks  or 
signs  of  different  languages,  shows  that  there  has  been  no  acknowl- 
edged general  standard  for  letters,  and  that  the  present  arrangement  of 
the  representatives  of  sounds  is  exceedingly  arbitrary.  An  acquaint- 
ance with  the  art  developed  in  the  subsequent  pages,  will  prove  that 
the  Phonographic  Alphabet  is  a  natural  one,  and  the  only  one 
which  is  adequate  to  universally  represent  the  sounds  of  all  languages,- 


17 


INSTRUCTIONS 

On  Commencing  the  Study  of  Phonography. 

The  pupil  should  first  learn  the  Phonographic  Letters,  taking  them 
in  the  natural  order  of  pronunciation.  He  is  recommended  to  learn 
the  consonants  first,  then  the  vowels,  because  the  vowels  are  placed 
TO  the  consonants. 

There  are  only  thirteen  consonants  in  the  English  language;  namely, 
four  Mutes,  P,  T,  CHe,  Ke  \  with  their  flat  sounds,  B,  D,  Je,  Ge ;  four 
semi-vocals,  F,  eTH,  S,  eSH;  and  their  flat  sounds,  V,  THe,  Ze, 
ZHe ;  two  Liquids,  L,  R  ;  three  Nasals,  M ,  N,  eNG.  From  these  the 
double  consonants  are  formed,  by  adding  a  hook  on  the  right-hand  side 
fo' t';  as,  p,  pi,  Ip;  and  on  the  left-hand  side  forr;  as,  pr,  rp.  It  will 
be  seen,  that  the  characters  for  Ip  and  rp,  are  the  same  as  those  for 
;//  and  pr,  reversed.  Pi  and  pr  have  the  hook  at  the  beginning,  be- 
cause these  letters  generally  commence  words ;  and  Ip  and  rp  have 
the  hook  at  the  end,  because  they  always  conclude  words  ;  these  obser- 
vations apply  to  all  the  other  hooked  letters.  So,  from  t,  are  formed 
tl,  tr.  It,  rt,  and  tn,  in  the  same  upright  posture.  Pt  is  a  stroke  half  as 
long  as  p.  All  the  double  consonants  are  derived  from  the  single  ones 
m  the  same  manner ;  and,  from  the  double  consonants,  the  treble  ones 
are  formed;  as,  pr,  spr,  prd,  rp,rps,  etc.  Then  learn  the  six  single 
vowels,  e,  a_,  ah ;  au,  o,  oo ;  from  which  all  the  double  and  treble  vowels 
are  derived,  both  as  to  soured,  and  the  position  which  the  Short  Hand 
marks  occupy. 


REMARKS 

ON  THE  VOWELS. 


The  Short  Hand  marks  for  the  Vowels,  arc,  the  small  dots,  stroke?, 
curves,  and  angles.  The  upright  stroke  is  the  letter  t,  placed  witn 
them  to  indicate  their  exact  position;  the  vowels  being  placed  againsc 
the  beginning,  or  middle,  or  etid,  of  the  consonants.  [See  table  enti- 
tled "  Method  of  placing  the  Vowels,"  plate  4.]  The  words  the,  in, 
"cf-c,  in  Roman,  are  Arbitrary  Words,  that  is,  the  vowels  alone,  are 
written  for  such  words.  Mate,  met,  <^c.,  in  italic,  are  merely  examples, 
containing  the  sounds  of  the  vowels  to  vvhich  they  are  placed.  An  as- 
terisk* indicates  that,  in  English,  the  sound  is  not  used. 

There  exist  other  vowels  which  belong  to  the  Angular  Series,  and 
to  the  List  of  Treble  Vowels,  but  they  occur  only  in  Foreign  Languages 
and  Provincialisms.  They  may  be  seen  on  referring  to  plate  G,  under 
head  of    "  Foreign  Sounds  and  Provincialisms." 

The  Aspirate  Qi)  is  represented  by  a  comma  turned  backwards. 


18 

ON   THE    CONSONANTS. 

The  first  five  columns  of  the  table  of  "  Single  and  Double  Conso 
nants,"  plate  1,  contain  the  single  consonants.  The  remaining  coi- 
unms,  commencing  vfi(hpl,  contain  the  double  consonants 

The  letters  s  and  z  have  each  two  fonns,  namely,  a  loop  or  small 
circle,  and  a  strode.  The  loop  is  to  be  always  used,  excepting  when 
5t  is  necessary  to  place  a  vowel  to  s.  Such  words  as  sigh,  use,  <fc., 
that  contain  no  other  consonant  than  s,  must  be  written  with  a  stroke  ; 
but  the  luop  should  be  us^d  where  there  is  another  consonant,  agamst 
which  to  place  the  vowel;  as,  soap,  case. 

The  additional  character,  ors  and  z,  represents  the  following  words  : 
o  so,  0  as. 

R  also  may  be  written  as  a  straight  up-stroke,  when  it  is  more  «on- 
venient. 

Write  ch  and  _;',  downwards.  Sh,  zh,  and  /,  may  be  struck  either  up- 
wards or  downwards. 

All  the  othei  letters  are  to  be  written  from  the  top  to  the  bottom,  or 
from  the  left  to  the  right. 


ON  PLACING  THE   VOWELS. 

In  the  table  entitled  "Method  of  Placing  the  Vowels,'^  plate  4,  the  vowel 
IS,  in  every  instance,  placed  n/fer  the  consonant ;  thus,  the  first  line  is 
pe,  pa,  pa,  pau,  po,  poo ;  the  second  line,  be,  ba,  bah,  &c.  If  the  vowel 
b'?  required  before  the  consonant,  it  is,  of  course,  written  on  the  other 
side  ;  as,  ep,  ap,  ahp,  aup,  op,  oop.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  strokes 
which  represent  the  vowels  au,  o,  oo,  may  point  in  any  direction  ;  they 
are  jienerally  most  conspicuous  when  placed  at  right  angles  with  th« 
consonants ;  but,  when  they  are  written  for  Arbitrary  Words,  they  must 
always  incline  to  the  left. 

The  Double  and  Treble  Vowels  are  written  in  the  same  way  as  are 
the  single  ones  in  the  table  above  referred  to,  except  tnat  they  must 
nuver  be  turned  about  to  the  different  positions  of  the  consonants,  tmt 
preserve  a  uiiiforra  direction. 


ON  PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES. 

PREFIXES. 

The  syliableg  which  most  frequently  occur  as  prefixes,  such  as  cw  - 
cum,  discom,  &c.,  are  each  represented  by  some  prominent  letter  that 
is  found  in  its  sound.  Thus,  d  in  discom,  s  in  circiim.  In  writing, 
■jlace  this  letter  near  to  the  following  part  of  the  word,  as  in  the  exam- 
ples of  Prefixes  and  Affixes,  plate  3.  The  commonest  prefix  in  the 
language,  com  or  con,  is  made  by  a  small  dot,  at  the  commencement 
of  the  consonant  which  next  f<^wi  it  ia  the  word  :  aocmn  if  espressol 
by  a  heavy  dot. 


19 

AFFIXES, 

Various  eommon  affixes  are  also  represented  by  some  single  letter, 
written  separate  from  the  preceding  part  of  the  word.  Next  to  the 
syllable  tion^  sion,  don,  &c.,  pronounced  shun,  and  wliich  is  provided 
for  by  the  double  letter  shn^  the  most  frequent  ending-  in  the  English 
language  is  ing,  wliich  is  written  by  a  small  dot  at  the  end  of^th* 
preceding  consonant,  as  in  sending.  The  plural,  ings^  is  a  larger  dot, 
sa  in  iUtings. 


ON  THE  JOINING  OF  THE  CONSONANTS. 

tnr  Tho  examples  given  in  each  paragraph,  will  be  fbund  in  Phono- 
graphic characters,  arranged  in  corresponding  numbers,  in  the  table 
entitled,  *'0n  the  Joining  of  the  Consonants,"  plate  4. 

1.  Ail  the  Consonants  in  a  word  should  be  written  without  taking 
off  the  pen  ;  the  second  letter  commencing  where  the  first  ends,  and 
the  third  being  continued  from  the  end  of  the  second,  &.C.;  as,  p  t  pat^ 
d  n  den,  j  m  gem,  v  n  vain,  I  k  d  liquid,  B  r  t  Beyrout,r  m  n  remain. 

2.  The  manner  in  which  the  circle  s  is  joined  to  a  straight  letter, 
either  at  the  commencement  or  end  of  a  word,  is  shown  on  plate  2. 

It  is  to  be  written  in  precisely  the  same  way,  if  the  other  end  of  the 
stroke  has  a  hook;  as,  Selby,  salt,  sort,  sealed,  sword,  search,  silk, 
please,  bless,  trees,  dress,  cross,  grease,  glass. 

Z,  When  5  is  joined  to  a  curved  letter,  the  circle  should  follow  the 
direction  of  the  sweep  of  the  cur\'e  ;  as,  sm,  ms,  sn,  ns,  sth,  ss,  Ihs, 
S3j  and  not,  sm,  ms,  ns,  k.c. 

4.  But  when  «  comes  between  two  other  consonants,  the  circle 
sbcmld  be  turned  in  the  way  that  is  found  most  expeditious  ;  as,  rust, 
cost,  post,  chest,  must,  nest,  fast ;   and  not,  rust,  cost,  post,  m.ust,  &c. 

5.  S  between  two  straight  lines  running  in  the  same  direction, 
should  be  joined  like  s  at  the  end  of  a  straight  line ;  as,  precept,  taste, 
trust,  deceit,  desert.  Cassock,  &c. 

6.  When  s  comes  in  contact  with  a  hocked  character,  the  circle 
must  be  turned  so  as  to  accommodate  itself  to  the  formation  of  the  hook; 
as,  express,  possible,  Exeter,  disciple,  personal,  &c. 

7.  Sometimes  the  hook  will  not  be  perfectly  formed,  as  in  Gospel, 
Explain,  Bristol,  Manchester,  obscure,  &.c. :  still,  such  words  cannot 
easily  be  mistaken. 

a,  There  are  few  instances  in  which  the  hook  does  not  follow  the 
circle  s  with  facility;  in  these  cases  it  is  better  to  write  the  two  letters 
of  which  the  hooked  character  is  composed  ;  thus,  the  first  way  of  ex- 
pressing the  following  words  is  tlie  best :  visiter,  minister,  philosopher. 


9.  When  it  is  requisite  to  join  s  to  a  right-hand  side  hook,  at  the 
beginning  or  end  of  a  word,  it  must  be  made  rather  smaller  than  usual ; 
as,  supplication,  sable,  holds,  settle,  cycle,  silks. 

10.  The  following  words  contain  hooked  letters,  in  various  positions : 
people,  paper,  table,  trickle,  copper,  cooper.  Tucker,  decree,  dagger, 
chopper,  cattle.  In  a  few  cases,  where  no  hook  at  all  can  be  pro- 
duced, it  is  well  to  attach  it  after  the  other  part  of  the  word  is  written  ; 
write  the  following  words  as  in  the  first  pattern,  then  add  the  hook  as 
in  tlie  secoad  method :  former,  charmer,  Kedeemer,  novel. 


ARBITRARY  WORDS  ARRANGED  ALPHABETICALLY. 


Acknowledge 

advantage 

after 

against 

all 

Almighty 

almost 

alone 

alphabet 

already 

an 

and 

anger 

angry 

any 

arbitrary 

are  they 

arrange 

as 

B 

Been 

begin 

believed 

beloved 

beyond 

C 

Calculate 
call 
can 
catholic 


character 

children 

Christ 

Christian 

come 

consequent 

consider 

continual-ly 

D 

Degree 

deliver-y 

difficult-y 

do 

done 

dovvn 


Engaged 

England 

English 

enthusiast 

essential 

establish 

even 

every 

evil 

external 


Fancy 

firm 

follow 


for-e 

form 

forth 

French 

from 

lull 

G 

Gave 

general 

give-n 

glerify 

glory 

God 

good 

great 

H 

Have 

he 

Holy  Ghost 

I 
Immediate-ly 
important 
improved 
in 

inch 

individual 
infinite 
ingenious 
internal 
is 
it  is 


Jerusalem 
Jesus 

K 

King 
knowledge 

L 

Language 

large 

league 

leech 

leisure 

lift 

like 

line 

little 

look 

Lord 

M 

Made 

manner 

may 

me 

meet 

member 

mercy 

met 

might 

mind 

morning 


BIr. 

multiply 
multitude 
my 

N 

Nature 

natural 

no 

nor 

not 

O 

Object 

obliged 

observe 

of 

order 

our 

ours 


Particular 

perfect 

pleasure 

principle 

Providence 

public 

publish 

Q 

Question 


31 


Regard 

religion 

remember 

represent 

require 

return  . 

righteous 

righteousness 

rigorous 

rule 


Sacred 
sacrifice 


salvation 

Saturday 

scripture 

secret 

separate 

shall 

should 

single 

so 

society 

spirit 

spiritual 

street 

strong 

strength 

subject 


sure 
system 


Thank 

that 

the 

them 

they  are 

they  will 

thing 

think 

thought 

through 

to 


town 
truth 

U 

Upon 
unto 
under 
usual 

V 

Very 

voice 

W 

Was 
water 


were 

where 

which 

who 

will  be 

will  they 

with 

word 

world 

worship 

would 

y 

Years 
yet 

yours 


RULES   FOR  WRITING. 

K7  The  examples  given  in  the  subsequent  sections  will  be  found  in 
Phonographic  characters,  and  arranged  in  corresponding  numbers  un- 
der the  head,  "Examples  Illustrative  of  Rules  for  Writing,*'  plate  5. 

RULE  1.     WRITE  BY  SOUND. 

Notice  accurately  the  sounds  of  which  a  word  is  composed,  and 
write  the  Short  Hand  letters  which  represent  them;  thus,  the  word 
•'  knew  "  consists  of  the  two  sounds  n  ti  [See  ex];  (tr,oo,)  true  ;  (d,a,) 
day  ;  (au  t,)  ought;  (d,e,kn,)  deacon;  (.th,a,)  they  ;  (we,p,)  tueep;  (n,i,) 
nigh;  (ko,u,)  cow. 

It  is  not  always  necessary  to  write  every  vowel;  as,  (i.ns.ns.)  in- 
cense  ;  (s,nt,)  cent ;  (n,m,)  name  ;  (kn,tr,e,)  country;  fk,rt,)  cart ;  (k,u,rj.) 
courage.  As  the  safest  rule  with  respect  to  the  insertion  or  omission 
of  vowels,  the  pupil  is  recommended  to  put  in  as  many  as  will  enable 
himself  or  any  other  Phonographer  to  read  his  writing  with  ease. 

Whenever,  in  the  common  spelling,  two  consonants  of  the  same 
name  come  together,  as  one  only  is  pronounced,  more  than  one  need 
not  be  written  ;  as,  (a,t,nd,)  attend;  and  so  of  many  other  points,  too 
obvious  to  require  notice;  but,  seeing  that  not  more  than  one  word 
in  a  thousand  is  pronounced  as  it  is  epelled,  it  is  impossible  here  to  enter 
into  full  directions  for  the  discovery  of  the  sound  of  every  word  from 
its  spelling.  The  sounds  contained  in  any  word,  must  be  ascertained 
by  the  ear;  their  ;3/!07ioorap/is  should  then  be  written. 

Pronounce  all  the  letters  according  to  their  real  power,  and  not 
according  to  their  old  names.  This  w  a  point  of  great  importance,  and 
attention  to  it  will  <'-ery  much  facilitate  the  pupil's  progress. 

The  trua  sounds  of  the  vo.vels  are  contained  in  the  words  that  are 
placed  after  them  in  plate  1.    The  sftort  vowels  should  preserve  the 


23 

jQames  of  the  Zonf  with  the  addition  of  the  word  "short;"  thus,  o  is  >o 
be  called  "short  a«,"  wi  "short  we,"  &c.  H  is  to  be  called  "the  o«' 
pirate." 

The  phonetic  names  of  the  Single  Consonants  are  given  in  the  Ta- 
ble, plate  1. 

The  Double  Consonants  are  to  be  pronounced  thus  : 
p],  pr,  Ip,  rp,  pt ;  bl,  br,  lb,  rb,  bd,  tl,  tr,  It,  rt,  tn-, 
pil,  pir,  elp,  arp,  ept;  bil,  bir,  elb,  arb,  ebd  ;  til,  tir,  elt,  art,  tin; 
dl,  dr,  Id,  rd,  dn;  chl,  chr,  Ich,  rch,  cht,  chn;  jl,  jr,  Jj,  &c. 
dil,  dir,  eld,  ard,  din;  chil,  chir,  ejch,  arch,  echt,  chin;  jil,  jir,  eli,&c  = 
and  so  on  with  all  the  others  that  are  formed  from  the  Single  Con- 
sonants in  the  same  way  : 

Ir,         rl.         mt,  mp,         mb,         nt,         nd,         nch,       nj, 

lir,        arl,        emt,        emp,        emb,        ent,        end,       ench,      enj- 

Pronounce  ngk  like  the  word  enk. 

Pronounce  ngg  like  engle,  omitting  the  ?. 

The  following  are  the  names  of  the  Treble  Consonsnts  : 
pld,     prd,      Ipt,    rpt,    bid,    brd,    Ibd,    rbd,    tld,    trd,     ltd,     rtd, 
pild,    pird,    elpt,  arpt;    bild,  bird,  elbd,  arbd,  tild,  tird,  elted,  arted. 
did,    drd,      Idd,      rdd,     chid,    chrd,    Icht,  rent,    jld,    jrd,    Ijd,    rjd, 
dild,  dird,  elded,  arded,  child,  chird,  elcht,  archt,jild,  jird,  eljd,  aijd. 
The  othere  of  this  class  follow  in  a  similar  way  : 
spr,       sbr,        str,        sdr,     &c.  ;       rps,        rbs,       rts,        rds,  &o; 
spir,      sbir,      stir,      sdir ,  arps,      arbz,      arts,     ardz. 

The  Quadruple  Consonants  should  be  similarly  pronounced,  each 
as  one  syllable  ;  thus, 

prt  or  sprd,  strt  or  strd,  ekrt  or  skrd,  &«. 

spirt  or  spird,  stirt  or  stird,  skirt  or  skird 

RULE  2,    CONSONANTS. 

1.  Nearly  all  the  consonants  are  written  from  the  top  downwards, 
as,  p,  t,  ch,  pld ;  or,  from  the  left  to  the  right ;  as,  ft,  m,  &c.  The  only 
exceptions  to  this  rule  will  be  found  in  sections  10,  12  and  15. 

When  a  consonant  is  repeated,  if  it  is  a  straight  line,  make  a  stroke 
twice  the  usual  length,  as,  b,  b,  in  bib;  if  it  is  a  curve,  as  n,  n,  in 
none,  let  the  two  curves  be  joined. 

2.  Join  the  consonants  of  a  word  together,  without  taking  off  the 
pen;  as,  sense,  physical,  and  turmoil.  See  also,  the  examples  given 
in  the  chapter  on  the  Joining  of  the  Consonants, 

3.  Whenever  a  short  straight  letter  follows  a  long  one  in  the  same 
direction,  without  an  angle,  the  pen  should  be  taken  off;  as,  (d,e,md) 
deemed ;  or,  as  ever>  short  letter  is  a  double  consonant,  it  is  some- 
times better  to  write  the  two  single  letters  of  which  it  is  composed  ; 


S3 

?M,  (kr,e,k,t)  correct.  It  would  not  do  to  put  the  half  length  letter  {ht) 
at  the  end  of  trie  other  («r),  as  they  might  be  mistalien  for  one  letter 
(kr)  made  a  little  too  long,  or  two  letters  (kr,k)  not  mr.de  longenough, 

4.  There  are  many  words,  which,  containing  double  and  treble  let- 
ter*, may  be  written  m  more  than  one  way ;  it  will  be  worth  the  pupil's 
while  to  choose,  by  a  little  attention,  the  neatest  and  best  form  ;  as, 
mndent,  should  be  written  with  the  letters  e,vd,nt,  rather  than  e,v,d,n,t; 
r.lso,  (con,vn,nt)  convenient,  is  hQiier  than  con,v,n,nt.  Numerous  ex- 
amples, illustrative  of  this  rule,will  be  found  in  the  Phonographic  Jour- 
nal, which  is  published  monthly,  in  the  phonographic  character,  for 
the  re-publication  of  which  arrangements  are  being  made. 

5.  If  a  word  would  reach  too  far  below  the  line,  take  off  the  pen  ; 
ae,  footstep,  steadfast,  substituted,  constituted. 

6.  It  oc-casionally  happens  that  a  hooked  letter  will  not  join  with 
the  preceding  or  following  letter  ;  in  such  cases  the  pen  must  be  taken 
off,  or  the  word  be  written  in  another  way  ;  as,  defensible,  Georgium 
Sirtus,  partner. 

7.  The  Greek  aspirate  is  used  in  Phonography  for  the  letter  h ;  as, 
h^at,  inhabit,  inherit,  white,  when,  overwhelm. 

8.  As  the  h  is  of  little  practical  value,  it  may  always  be  omilted 
Without  causing  any  ditjiculty  in  reading;  as,  hill,  heap,  hair,  half,  him, 
whom,  haughty,  cohere. 

9.  When  a  word  consists  of  h  and  one  or  more  vowels,  also  when 
h  comes  in  connection  with  two  or  three  vowels  in  any  word,  the  as- 
pirate may  be  increased  to  the  size  ol  a  consonant,  and  the  vowels 
placed  to  it ;  as,  iiay,  ahoy,  Ohio.  Ahoah,  Ehi,  Ahalah,  hieroglyphic. 

10.  Except  ch  and  rch,  which  are  always  made  downwards,  and 
the  upstrokes  r  and  rl,  every  full  sized  right  inclined  letter,  such  as 
i.  gh,  &c.,  may  he  struck  either  upwards  or  downwards,  at  the  discre- 
tion ol  the  writer  ;  as,  lecture,  life,  fresh,  cash.  Mitchell,  Fisher. 

11.  When  either  of  these  right  inclined  sloping  tetters  is  joined 
to  the  loop  s  only,  striKe  it  downwards,  that  all  who  write  the  system 
may  agree  ;  as,  sell,  less,  soul,  sash,  satchel,  searct',  seller. 

12.  R  may  be  written  two  ways,  either  a&  a  curve  downwards,  or  as 
a  STRAIGHT  upstroke.  The  proper  alphabetical  form  ot  the  letter  is  the 
curve,  which  mubt  always  be  used  when  r  stands  alone  ;  as,  ear,  air< 
arrow,  raw,  roe,  rue,  v/ar,  wire  ;  also,  when  a  word  contains  no  other 
consonant  than  r  s ;  as,  hears,  hfrs,  oars,  rose,  sir,  sorry,  sore,  sour. 

In  all  other  eases  the  pupil  may  use  either  of  the  forms,  accoiding 
as  he  finds  it  most  convenient  in  conjunction  with  the  other  lettero; 
the  upstroke  should  be  generally  preferred. 

13.  Rl  has  also  two  forms,  the  downward  heavy  curve,  as  in  the 
alphabet,  and  a  hooked  upstroke.  The  same  rule  must  be  observed 
here  as  with  r  ;  the  upstroke  should  never  be  written  when  siandmg 
alone,  or  jomed  to  s  only,  that  it  may  not  be  confounded  with  rch. 
This  hooked  upstroke  will  become  the  treble  consonant  rid,  when  made 
half  length,  as  in  cwled,  &c. 


Si 

14.  The  stroke  s  is  to  be  written  in  the  following  cases  only,  when 
a  word  begins  with  a  vowel  followed  by  s ;  as,  ease,  ask,  asked,  ways, 
ice,  eyes,  oyster,  useful;  or,  ends  with  a  vowel  preceded  by  s  ;  as,  see, 
saw,  rosy,  neisy,  greasy,  heresy,  busy;  also,  when  it  is  necessary  to 
put  a  vowel  to  s  ;  as,  genius,  Eleazar.  <S  may  be  repeated  either  by 
writing  both  the  stroke  and  the  circle,  or  by  making  a  loop  twice  the 
•usual  size  ;  as,  guesses,  glasses,  supposes,  dresses. 

15.  The  small  sized  right  inclined  letters  shn,  zhn,  sht,  and  2hd,  are 
upstrokes,  and  cht,  jd,  chn,  and  jn,  which  are  the  same  marks,  are 
written  downwards;  as,  caution,  portion,  session,  vision,  brushed, 
cashed,  scratched,  touched,  raged,  mixtion,  gudgeon. 

16.  When  shn  or  zhn  follows  n,  or  comes  in  connection  with  the 
upstroke  r,  make  it  curve  to  the  left,  to  render  it.  distinct ;  as,  nation, 
Hiention,  coercion,  dictionary,  derision.  The  letters  nch  and  nj  are 
written  downwards. 

RULE  3.    VOWELS. 

For  the  "Method  of  placing  the  Vowels"  to  single  consonants,  see 
the  table,  plate  4. 

1.  But  when  a  vowel  coiaes  between  two  consonants^  if  it  is  o.  first  or 
top  place  vowel,  (that  is,  No.  1,  or  4,)  place  it  after  the  first  consonant ; 
as,  keep,  quoit. 

2.  If  it  is  a  second  or  middle  place  vowel,  (No.  2,  or  5,)  it  may  be 
■written,  either  a/^er  the  first  consonant,  as  came,  or  before  the  last,  as,  cut. 

3.  But,  if  it  is  a  third,  or  bottom  place  vowel,  (No,  3,  or  6,)  put  it 
before  the  last  consonant;  as,  man,  doom. 

4.  These  three  rules  do  not  apply,  if  either  of  the  consonants  is  the 
loop  s,  which  is  not  large  enough  to  have  vowels  placed  to  it ;  as,  sit, 
same,  noose ;  in  all  such  cases,  the  vowel  is  placed  with  reference  to  the 
letter  which  is  joined  with  S. 

5.  When  two  vowels  come  between  two  consonants,  give  one  to 
each  ;  as,  diary,  quiet. 

6.  If  two  vowels  commence  a  word,  pat  the  first  at  a  little  distance, 
and  the  second  close  to  the  consonant ;  as,  ^olus.  If  two  vowels  end 
a  word,  put  the  first  close  to  the  consonant,  and  the  other  at  a  little 
distance;  as,  detw/. 

7.  In  making  use  of  a  double  consonant,  it  is  impossible  to  insert 
a  vowel  that  is  pronounced  between  the  two  letters  of  which  the  double 
consonant  is  composed  ;  thus,  if  fl  be  written  for  fall,  the  vowel  au 
roust  be  dropped,  for  if  it  were  put  after  the  consonant,  it  would  be 
fiaw,  and  if  written  before  the  consonant,  it  would  be  auful  The  only 
way  to  express  the  vowel  in  fall,  is  to  write  the  single  consonants/ 
and  /.  The  same  rule  must  be  observed  in  the  use  of  the  treble  and 
quadruple  consonants:  ii  fid  be  put  to fied  or  flood,  the  vowel  that  is 
heard  between  the  fi  and  the  d  cannot  be  inserted  ;  and  if  the  context 
will  not  readily  suggest  the  proper  word,  it  should  be  written  with  the 
separate  letters  fl  and  d,  and  the  Yowei  between  ;  as,  fled,  flood. 


25 

8.  When  either  of  the  consonants  that  have  both  an  upward  and  a 
downward  direction,  enters  into  combination  with  other  consonanta, 
the  vowels' places  must  be  counted  upwards  if  the  stroke  runs  upwards, 
aud  downwards  if  the  stroke  runs  downwards  j  af,  leek,  push;  because 
the  three  positions  of  the  vowels  are  always  reckoned  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  consonant.  When  either  of  these  letters  stands 
aione,  reckon  the  vowels'places  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  ;  as,  loo,  the. 

RULE  4.    ARBITRARY  W^ORDS. 

1.  Almost  every  letter  is  used  to  represent  a  whole  word  ;  thus,  e 
stands  for  the,  n  for  no,  &c. ;  a  faw  letters  stand  for  short  phrases;  as, 
the  stroke  z,  stands  for  the  phrase  it  is,  &c.  They  are  called  arbitrary 
words,  or  arbitraries,  and  should  be  committed  to  memory.  It  is, 
however,  allowable,  at  any  time,  to  write  en  arbitrary  word  with  all 
us  letters  ;   as.no,  &c. 

2.  Any  such  word  as  be,  bee,  pea,  tea,  &c.,  will,  of  course,  require 
only  the  b,  or  p,  or  t;  there  are  a  great  many  words  thus  pronounced  like 
the  names  of  letters  Any  letter  will  necessarily  represent  a  word  of 
this  sort,  in  addition  to  the  arbitrary  that  is  placed  to  it  in  the  alphabet ; 
as.  wa  will  stand  for  way,  as  well  as  wk-:re. 

If  the  name  of  any  letter  is  similar  to  the  sound  of  a  word,  such  let- 
ter may  be  written  for  the  word;  as,  :  will  stand  for  high,  ou  for  how,fi 
(pronounced^/)  for  full,  mr  (named  mir)  above  the  line  for  mere,  and 
on  the  line  for  more,  nr  for  yiear,  thr  for  their  and  there,  tl  for  it  will,  trd 
for  toward,  strt  for  start,  skrt  for  skirt,  &c. 

3.  If  any  other  word  is  pronounced  like  an  arbitrary,  the  same  letter 
will  represent  both  ;  as,  s,  standing  for  so,  will  also  represent  sow,  and 
sew;  n,  no  and  know;  rth,  forth  and  fourth;  a,  and  and  hayid;  au,  all, 
hall,  and  haul,  cj  c.  The  practised  Phonographer  may  extend  this  rule 
to  embrace  such  words  as  are  pronounced  nearly  like  arbitraries ;  as, 
fellow,  as  well  zs  follow,  may  be  represented  by_^  ;  important  and  import- 

uTbce  may  both  come  under  ?/ij:^  :  and  so  in  other  cases, 

4.  In  a  few  instances,  a  letter  represents  two  words ;  but,  in  all  such 
cases,  there  is  a  great  similarity  in  the  sound;  as,  de,  do  and  done;  bl, 
public  and  publish  ;  mt,  meet  and  might. 

5.  When  the  double  vowels  wa  and  we,  are  used  to  represent  words, 
place  them  o«  the  line  ;  as,  u-here,  were;  to  keep  them  more  distinct 
from  No.  1,  we  and  vn,  and  because  No.  3,  wah  and  wa,  are  not  used 
for  arbitraries. 

6.  In  the  List  of  Arbitrary  Words,  when  a  word  is  printed  thus, 
"for-e,"  it  signifies  that  the  letter  /  represents  both  for  and  fore. 

7.  The  horizontal  and  half-sized  consonants,  are  placed  above  the 
line  for  words  chat  contain ^rst  or  tapper-place  vowels  ;  and  on  the  line 
for  words  that  contain  either  7nj(ic?/e  or  bottom -jilace  vowels;  as,  God, 
(o,  ^rsf-place  vowel;)  good,  {oo,  «^z>f/-place  vowel;)  me,  (/rsf-place;) 
may,  {second-  place.)  When  a  word  that  is  represented  by  a  horizontal 
or  small  letter,  consists  pf  two  or  more  syllables,  it  is  the  vowel  in  the 


("ooentfd  syllable  that  determines  its  place  ;  as,  s,  above  the  line  for 
"society."  because  the  accented  syllable  contains  a  first-place  vcwel ; 
gU  ov  the  line  for  "glorify,"  because  o  is  a  second-place  vov/el ;  and 
rg,  ON  the  line  for  "regard, "because  the  vowel  in  the  last,  or  accented 
syllable,  is  a  third-place  one. 

The  only  exeeption  to  this  rule  is  the  word  any,  which  is  pl«06<i  to 
n  ABOVE  the  line,  although  it  contains  a  serond-piace  vowei  in  its  ac- 
cented syllable.  It  was  necessary  ^hat  it  should  be  in  the  liat  of  a-bi- 
fraries,  and  it  could  not  be  placed  on  the  line,  because  it  would  in tei fere 
with  a  word  of  opposite  meaning,  no,  which  it  was  also  needful  to  have 
m  the  list. 

8.  When  a  hooked  letter  represents  a  verb  as  an  arbitrary,  as,  kl  for 
call,  the  past  tense  called  will  t)e  written  by  the  same  letter  made  half 
its  length;  as,  (kid)  called;  (deliver)  delivered;  (observe)  observed; 
(remember)  remernbcred ;  (represent)  represented,  4  c  ,  according  to  the 
rule  for  the  forrriation  of  treble  consonants  from  all  hooked  letters. 

9.  Compound  words,  made  up  of  arbitraries,  may  be  reduced  to  their 
primitives  ;  as,  aho,  (all,  so),  cannot  (can,  not),  into  (in,  to),  income,  al- 
vays,  therein,  ^c. 

10.  1  he  plural  of  any  arbitrary  may  be  written  by  adding  *  to  the 
letter  that  represents  the  singular;  as,  object,  objects;  remark,  re- 
marks ;   heart,  hearts  ;  word,  words,  cfc. 

11.  Any  other  word  derived  from  an  arbitrary,  may  be  written  by  put- 
ting the  pdditionalletters  separately  ;  as,  generality,  systematic,  ^<.. 

RULE  5.    PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES. 

i.  A  prefix  or  an  affix  must  not  be  joined  to  the  other  part  of  thc 
word;  as,  transact,  eXemf.nt,  d:c. 

2.  When  the  single  consonant  vg  follows  the  preceding  letter,  with- 
out an  an^Ze,  it  is  better  to  write  it,  than  the  terminational  dot;  as, 
wrong,  bring,  being,  spring,  long,  willing,  feeling. 

3.  S  may  be  added  to  an  atfix  or  termination,  in  the  same  manner 
as  it  may  to  an  arbitraiy  ;  as,  xnoTiurnents,  subscnpfwns,  uptfcrds,  king- 
dome. 

4.  An  arbitrary  word  may  be  used  as  a  prefix  or  affix;  as,  wnJerstand, 
doM-'nwards,/orward,  t^nchristian,  «fec. 

5.  It  is  allowable  to  use  any  prefix  or  affix  that  is  similar  in  sound 
to  one  in  the  tables,  plate  3;  as,  erUerprise,  indivisible,  signature,  rf cognise. 

RULE  6.    ALLOWABLE  ABBREVIATIONS. 

1.  Write  the  second  person  singular  of  verbs,  like  the  third;  as,  shall 
and  shalt,  would  and  wouldst,  has  and  hast.  Thou  loves  (for  lovest)  right- 
eousness, and  hates  (/wfesf)  ^^ickedne£s. 

2.  Abbreviate  long  v.ords,  either  by  intersection,  writing  any  two 
prominently  soundir  g  letters  acjoss  each  other;  or  by  contraction,  leav- 
ing out  the  latter  part  of  the  word. 


INTERSECTED    WORDS. 

fieneficia!,    benevolent,    everlasting,   notwithstanding,   gratification, 

regeneration,  nevertheless. 
Let  the  beginning  of  the  second  letter  cross  the  middle  of  the  first,  o' 
the  middle  of  the  second  Ittter  croee  the  end  of  the  first,  as  it  may  \ie 
convenient. 

CONTRACTED    WORDS. 

Extraordinary,  extravagant,  mauufftcture. 

3.  Abbreviate  the  following  phrases  thus :  as  far  as,  as  well  ae,  as 
much  as,  as  soon  as,  as  good  as,  as  great  as,  as  ciieap  as,  as  dear  as, 
ae  esrly  as,  as  long  as,  cj-c:,  making  the  loop  twice  the  usual  size. 

4.  The  hook  of  pr,  tr,  chr,  and  kr,  may  be  omitted,  when  these  let- 
ters follow  a  straight  stroke  in  the  same  direction,  terminated  hj  r; 
as,  prosper,  prosperity,  tasturc,  gesture,  excruciate;  because,  in  add 
ing  the  single  consonants  p,  t,  ch,  and  k,  the  circle  would  be  placed 
un  the  other  side. 

5.  The  aspirate,  in  connection  with  the  single  vowels,  may  be 
expressed  in  this  manner :  he,  ha,  hah,  haw,  ho,  hoo  ;  as,  in  the  words 
heat,  hit;  hale,  hell;  haul,  holly;  home,  hum;  hoof,  hoop.  The 
pronouns  he  and  who  should  therefore  be  written  thus,  he,  who. 

C.  The  double  vowels  i  and  ou,  when  v^ritten  for  arbitrary  words, 
may  be  abbreviated ;  as,  /,  how ;  the  pupil  is  recommended  to  strike 
them  upward. 

7.  When  a  hooked  letter  follows  the  circle  g,  and  is  of  difficult  for- 
mation, the  hook  may  be  dispensed  with,  and  the  writing  will  remain 
almost  as  clear  as  though  it  were  inserted;  as,  explore,  explanation, 
disclaim,  disclaimer,  manuscript,  described,  discourse,  disagree. 

RULE  7.  PRACTISE  AND  PERSEVERE. 

PUNCTUATION. 

1.  Stops  may  be  written  thus  :  :  comma,  ••  colon,  «  period.  They 
should,  however,  be  generally  omitted,  and  spaces  be  left  instead. 
Only  three  stops  are  necessary  to  indicate  the  various  divisions  of  a 
sentence :  the  comma,  to  mark  or  cut  off  the  smallest  part  of  a  sentence  ; 
the  colon,  to  separate  &  principal  member ;  and  the  period,  to  show  the 
completion  of  the  idea.  By  using  two  intermediate  stops  between  the 
eommxi  and  the  period,  much  confusion  has  arisen  in  punctuation  ;  there 
being  no  absolute  rule  to  determine  where  the  semicolon  and  the  colon 
should  be  inserted.  The  pupil  may  write  the  notes  of  interrogation  ? 
ewclamation  !  brackets  [  ]  parentheses  (  )  and  quotation  marks  "  "  as  usu- 
al, but  the  pareatheses  must  be  twice  the  length  of  the  letter  th.  The 
hyphen  is  ...     For  mark  of  irony,  see  plate  5. 

2.  The  accent  is  indicated  by  drawing  a  line  across  the  accented 
letter ;   as,  below.  bilUnc.    Mark  emphatic  words  and  sentences  as  in 


28 

long  hand  manuscript,  by  drawing  one,  two,  or  more  lines  underneath  ; 
a  single  line  below  a  single  word,  must  be  made  wave-like,  to  prevent  its 
being  mistaken  for  the  letter  k. 

3.  Inflections.— For  rising  and /aWmg- inflections,  see  Punctuation 
table,  plate  6.  The  circumflex,  which  is  the  union  of  the  rising  and 
failiRg,  or  falling  and'rising,  maybe  indicated  by  uniting  these  two 
marks.  These  signs  should  be  placed  o^er  any  word  on  which  it  may 
be  required  to  express  the  inflection.  Figures,  and  the  character  for 
f^t  cetera,  (&c.)  write  as  usual,  or  express  the  words  inPhwnography. 


FOREIGN  SOUNDS  AND  PROVINCIALIS^MS. 

K?  For  Phonographic  examples,  see  table  of  "Foreign  Sounds  and 
Provincialisms,"  plate  G. 

1.  Single  Vowels. — The  lon^  vowel  No.  7,  heard  in  the  first  syl- 
lable of  aside,  Mamma,  &c.,  (see  introduction  note  on  paragraph  No. 
13,  is  expressed  by  a  small  circle  placed  in  the  middle  of  a  consonant; 
as,  aside,  JMaynma,  &c.  The  eingle  vowels,  No.  2  and  5,  are  the 
nearest  to  this  aound,  as  to  the  confirmation  of  the  chamber  of  the 
mouth  by  which  it  is  produced.  To  express  it  in  long  hand  we  adopt 
the  digraph  m/j. 

The  French  u,  which  is  a  closer  pronunciation  of  bo  than  the  Eng- 
lish method,  is  represented  by  the  same  mark,  put  in  the  place  of  oo  ;  as 
in  tu. 

2.  Double  Vowf,ls. — For  the  representation  of  Y  preceding  uA, 
and    W  preceding  uh,  see  plate  6. 

The  Angular  set  of  double  vowels,  plate  1,  consists  of  eight,  three  of 
which  are  spoken  in  pure  EngUsh,  namely,  i  [composed  of  Nos.  3,  1], 
m.  [4,1],  and  o  [4,6.]  The  double  vowel  i  [3,1],  heard  in  the  polite 
pronunciation  oUime,  five,  &c.,  is  really  compounded  of  the  indistinct 
vowel  No.  7  with  No.  1.  The  double  vowel  oi  is  heard  in  the  yvords 
Stoic,  Joey  [Joseph],  owing,  &c. ;  but  as  the  sound  is  very  rare  in  the 
English  language,  it  has  been  deemed  prudent  to  keep  it  out  of  the 
listln  plate  1,  lest  it  should  confuse  the  learner. 

3.  Treble  Vowels. — F  and  W  [which  are  in  fact  e  and  oo]  will 
precede  all  the  Double  Vowels  of  the  Angular  Series,  equally  as  they 
will  the  single  vowels.  The  treble  vowels  t.hus  produced  will  be  seen 
by  referring  to  plate  6. 

4.  Consonants. — The  guttural semivocal  kh  [pronounced  ekh]  and 
its  flat  sound  gh  [called  ghe]  heard  in  German,  Welsh,  Hebrew,  &c., 
is  expressed  in  the  table.  This  letter  must  be  made  twice  the  length 
of  the  curves  for  n  and  m  ;  and  to  represent  I  and  r  added  to  it,  it  may 
be  hooked,  according  to  the  law  observed  with  the  other  semivocals. 


'i9 

This  guttural  sound,  like  all  others,  must  be  heard  before  it  will  be 
understood, 

5.  The  French  nasal  sound  in  mon,  enfant,  &c.,  is  written  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  English  nasal  in  long,  sang,  &c. ;  but  care  must 
be  taken,  in  reading-  French,  not  to  give  this  sound  so  hard  an  utter* 
ance  as  it  has  in  Enghsh. 

For  the  Welsh  LI,  [which  is  represented  by  the  heavy  I,]  and  the 
rough  trilled  R,  see  table.  As  these  two  sounds  do  not  occur  in  Eng- 
lish, the  signs  are  used  as  a  convenient  mode  of  expressing  the  double 
consonants  Ir  and  rl. 


NOTES  ON  THE  RULES  FOR  WRITING. 

jry  For  Phonographic  illustrations  of  the  Notes,  see  plate  6. 

Rule  2,  Sec.  10.— The  heavy  strokes  j,  zh,  and  Ir,  cannot  be  struck 
upwards  with  a.  pen;  with  a  pencil  they  may.  The  pupil  must  be  care- 
ful not  to  write  -upwards  any  letter  that  does  not  slope  from  left  to  right. 
This  caution  is  necessary,  because  it  often  happens  that  learners 
make  the  perpendicular  t  or  d  upwards. 

Rule  2,  Sec.  14. — The  repetition  of  s  generally  occurs  with  the  vowel 
No.  1  between.  In  reading,  it  may  therefore  be  assumed,  that  the  large 
circle  represents  the  syllable  sis  or  siz  or  ziz. 

A  word  that  contains  no  other  consonant  than  ss,  must  be  written 
'»ith  ths  stroke  and  the  circle,  or  the  circle  and  the  stroke,  as  may  be 
convenient ;  as,  cease,  seize,  says,  saucy,  size,  assizes,  Swiss. 

When  the  circle  s  is  written  by  itself,  or  an  arbitrary  word,  it  should 
be  struck  round  in  the  way  that  the  hands  of  a  clock  move.  If  the 
learner  will  make  half  a  dozen  circles  in  this  way,  and  then  the  same 
number  backward,  as  the  letter  o  is  written,  he  will  find  the  former  to 
be  the  more  expeditious  method. 

When  the  circle  is  joined  to  another  letter,  no  pains  need  bo  taken 
in  common  writing  to  make  the  circle  heavy  •  as,  noise  (which  is  pro- 
nounced n,o\,z,)  pays  (p,a,z,)  teas  (t,e,z.) 

Rule  3,  Sec.  3. — The  non-observance  of  Sec.  1  would  in  some  words 
lead  to  error.  If  pit  were  written  with  the  vowel  No.  1  before  the 
t,  it  might  be  read  as  No.  3  before  the  p,  producing  apt.  But  when 
the  vowel  cannot  be  misread,  and  its  sound  belongs  more  properly  to 
the  second  consonant  than  to  the  first,  it  should  be  written  to  the 
second ;  as  in  Corinth  ;  kir  inth  being  nearer  to  the  sound  of  the  word 
than  ktinth  ;  so  with  sanguiiie,  &lc. 

In  the  second  method  of  writing  man,  Sec.  3,  the  vowel  is  within 
a  hair's  breadth  of  the  place  of  e  following  n,  gving  many.  In  drab, 
if  the  vowel  be  put  after  the  first  consonant,  it  would  be  Derby.  An- 
other reason  for  adhering  to  the  rule  is  this  :  when  two  consonants 
form  by  their  junction  an  acute  angle,  there  is  not  room  to  put  a  third 
place  vowel  between  them,after  the  first  consonant;  as,  in/J«;<i(A,  orowk. 


30 

^  Instances,  however,  will  arise,  in  which  the  Sections  1  and  3  may 
06  neglected  without  danger;  as  in  theet,  ma'am;  still  it  is  adviaabie 
Uiat  tiie  vowels  should  be  written  uniformly  by  all  Phonograph? ra. 
this  will  be  secured,  by  always  placinp  a  first  place  yjwel  after  tue 
first  consonant,  and  a  third  place  vowel  before  the  last  consonant,  except 
vthere  there  is  an  advantage  in  doing  otherwise. 

in  Sec.  2,  uniformity  will  be  maintained,  if  a  long  vowel  be  always 
written  after  Xhe  first  consonant  ;  as,  main,  coat  ;  and  a  short  vowel 
batore  the  second  consonant  :  as,  men,  cut.  There  will  also  arise  this 
additional  advantage :  the  reader  will  know  by  its  situation  whether 
the  vowel  is  long  or  short,  should  it  not  be  indicated  by  its  size. 

Rule  4,  Sec.  1. — These  words  are  placed  to  their  respective  letters 
in  plate  6.  It  has  been  considered  unnecessary  to  burthen  these  lists 
with  those  arbitrary  words  that  ?.re  contained  under  the  subdivisions  of 
this  rule,  in  Sections  2,  3,  and  8 

There  are  a  few  of  the  vowels  that  do  not  represent  arbitr^ries,  either 
i>ecause  no  common  words  contain  the  sounds,  as  yah  ;  or  to  prevent  the 
possibility  of  mistaking  one  v/ord  for  another ;  thus,  if  the  single  vowel 
No.  2,  represented  a  word,  it  might  be  supposed  to  be  the  vowel  No.  1, 
written  a  little  too  low,  or  No.  3,  written  a  little  too  high. 

The  only  letters  among  the  consonants  that  are  not  allowed  to  stand 
Hy  themselves  as  represerjtatives  of  words,  are,  jit  and  bd,  lest  they 
should  interfere  with  the  vowels  an,  o,  and  oo;  cAf  and  shn,  that  they 
may  not  be  mistaken  for  the  abbreviated  i  and  ou,  [see  Rule  6,  Sec.  6]; 
3ht,  that  it  n.ay  not  interfere  with  chn;  and  zhn,  that  it  may  not  be  read 
as  jd. 

it  will,  therefore,  be  observed,  that  the  words  printed  in  italic,  and 
placed  to  the  letters  in  plate  1,  (yoke,  one,  stretched,  etc.)  are  not  arbi- 
traries,  but  merely  examples  containing  the  sounds  of  the  letters  to 
which  they  are  placed. 

The  letters  cht,  sht,  and  zhn,  must  never  be  written  disjointed  from 
another  consonant,  lest  they  should  be  confounded  with  shn,  zhn,  and 
jd,  which  are  allowed  to  stand  alone,  the  two  latter  as  representatives 
of  arbitrary  words,  and  Ihe  former  in  such  words  as  ocean,  observation, 
eic,  where  it  cannot  be  mistaken  for  the  abbreviated  i  or  ou.  Instead 
of  writing  the  double  letters,  cht,  sht,  and  zhn,  in  words  that  contain 
other  consonants,  write  the  single  letters  of  which  they  are  composed; 
as,  watched,  wished. 

Rule  4,  Sec.  2. — As  the  pupil  advances,  this  rule  may  be  extended 
even  to  the  writing  of  I  (named  el)  for  vjUI  and  tcell :  r  (named  ar)  for 
her  and  here;  b  foV  by:  f  for  if;  n  for  a7n;  kr  for  care;  rl  for  real  and  rail; 
»kr  for  s(iuare  and  score;  and  SO  with  other  letters;  thus  saving  the 
time  that  it  would  take  to  insert  the  vowel.  It  is  recommended,  how- 
ever, that  pupils  do  not  use  this  privilege  till  they  can  write  with  ra- 
pidity. In  reading  Phonography,"  the  pupil  will  first  say  the  arbitra.'-y 
word  for  a  given  leUer,  and  if  that  does  not  agree  with  the  words 
immediately  preceding,  he  will  say  the  name  of  the  letter,  and  thai  is 
the  word,  or  nearly  so. 


31 

Rule  4,  Sec.  7. — It  is  easy  to  distinguish  two  places  with  regard  to 
these  letters  ;  but,  three  positions,  two  above  the  line,  and  one  on  the 
line,  would  not  be  distinguishable.  It  is  on  this  account  that  words 
containing  secoml  place  vowels,  are  written  upon  the  line,  together 
with  words  containing  third  place  vowels;  and  as  there  is  a  reason  for 
every  thing  in  Phonograph v,  it  may  be  observed,  that  the  second  and 
third  place  vowels  are  put  together  in  this  instance  and  nof  the^'«t 
and  second,  because  there  are  more  words  containing /r5<  place  vov^- 
ds,  from  which  ts  select  one  to  go  above  the  line,  than  there  are  cori- 
taining  second  or  third  place  vowels,  from  which  to  select  one  to  go 
upon  the  line. 

The  pupil  is  recommended  to  attend  to  the  principles  of  this  rule, 
with  regard  to  the  situation  of  non-arbitrary  words  that  do  not  fill  the 
wtiole  breadth  of  the  space  occupied  by  the  writing;  as,  mean,  sky, 
cawse,  want,  short,  ^c,  should  be  written  above  the  line,  and  many, 
grow,  part,  &c,,  ehould  be  placed  upon  the  line.  The  advantage  of 
writing  the  words  thus,  will  be  found  in  deciphering  a  verbatim  mau- 
iiscript  report;  in  which,  most  of  the  vowels  having  been  omitted,  they 
will  be  partly  indicated  in  these  words  by  Iheh situation.  If  the  Pho- 
nographer  should  neglect  this  rule  in  his  common  writing,  he  will  not 
be  able  to  attend  to  it  in  reporting.  Two  exceptions  must  be  made 
with  respect  to  this  rule.  Him  and  himself,  should  be  written  on  the 
line,  in  order  that  they  may  not  be  mistaken  for  me  and  myself,  wheia 
the  vo-.vel  happens  to  be  omitted.  Men  should  b«  written  above,  and 
man,  on  the  line,  in  order  to  preserve  a  distinction  between  them, 
under  the  same  circumstance. 

Rule  6,  Sec.  2. — A  list  of  all  the  words  which  it  is  expedient  to 
abbreviate  in  this  manner,  in  order  to  take  a  verbatim  report,  will  be 
given  in  a  work  which  is  now  in  the  press,  entitled  "  Phonog- 
raphy adapted  to  Reporting,"  and  which  will  be  re-published,  with 
the  least  possible  delay,  for  the  u»e  of  Reporters. 

Rule  6,  .Sec.  3. — When  the  pupil  is  so  far  advanced  as  to  think  of 
reporting,  he  may,  even  in  his  private  writing,  adopt  the  reporting 
principle  of  joining  any  arbitrary  words  that  commonly  occur  together; 
such  as,  /  have,  you  will,  cannot,  it  will  be,  it  will  not,  to  be,  may  be,  etc. 
"Words  and  sentences  may  also  frequently  be  briefly  expressed  by  the 
lea^iing  sounds  ;  as,  mast  be,  which  it  will  be.  Give  us  this  day,  etc, 
Numeious  abbreviations  of  this  kind  will  be  given  in  "Phonography 
adapted  to  Reporting." 


32 


EXERCISES  IN  PHONOGRAPHV 

PSALM  23.—U^JxUson.)-[See  plate  G  ] 

I. 

The  Lord  my  pasture  shall  prepare. 
And  fped  me  with  a  shepherd's  care, 
His  presence  shall  my  wants  supply, 
And  guard  me  with  a  watchful  eye  ; 
My  noon-day  walks  he  shall  attend, 
And  all  my  midnight  hours  defend, 

II. 

When  in  the  sultry  glebe  I  faint, 
Or  on  the  thirsty  mountain  pant : 
To  fertile  vales  and  dewy  meads, 
My  weary,  wandering  steps  he  leads  ; 
Where  peaceful  rivers,  soft  and  slow, 
Amid  the  verdant  landscapes  fluw. 

III. 

Though  in  the  paths  of  death  I  tread. 
With  gloomy  horrors  overspread  : 
My  steadfast,  heart  shall  fear  no  ilL 
For  thou,  O  Lord,  art  with  me  still : 
Thy  friendly  crook  shall  give  me  aid. 
And  guide  me  through  ihe  dreadful  shade  . 

IV. 

Though  in  a  bare  and  rugged  v/ay, 
Through  devious  lonely  v/ilds  I  stray, 
Thy  bounty  shall  my  pains  beguile, 
The  barren  wilderness  shall  smile  ; 
With  sudden  greens  and  herbage  crowns:. 
And  streams  shall  murmui  all  around. 


ye    f'  K-^^'v- 

rizsJii'T^f  /"^f^en  iJ  fir  /^  1' 


I  y/^  J  !  X 


'■e  s^rue/K~^iii^a 


71y 


jt/~,.o/r/OA/A  A  Cf/^/<.  '/t  t^ 


/TSiT   ■/ 


nJ7^ 


mcC  i 


\i' 


1 


l(  •  ' 


■^'   i-'l  tT  Tm^ 

'^           !^e    U\y^^ 

....      -n  ! '  V,.. 

tt 


449470 


r<i^M>riZi'P^^^^/  a^ ^Sa^Jizaai  ch.'ZJ'<Pn<znfj-  ^f/ci^/i./olacat^-  . 


j/nf/e- 


{Jet 


'oit^t^n-    }d 


^Sl^fed 


immuJh 


/>vm-pT-  tr,   ehr,    kr;     rp,    Tt,   Tch,    i% . 
^     1      /      .-      \       J       ^     -> 
ami  Mfft  •  /i/a^  si>t/neCtj  ir,  i^r.  <fe  A  Acrn-nf 

TfitL  «.-!M?  ffn^y  a/-         Tiie  uJKtl.  ^niy  a^ 

sjor  N    I  scir    /  II  r/ss  \  i  rc?uo^ 

Sir  "\    U//-      ?\  rij  \\rjj    3^ 

Sfr     1      jvtr     ^\rU  \\  Ht  -o 

Jdr    ^  ■  I  J0r     a-  !|   riij  J     \r^j'  -t 

;ie>j»cd  &  4e  £if  /er  ^r  r/s  JTc  a^^d-  Oie  a.r 
ca^r />a.rf- a^  Mr  j;  ccnXffim^Tz^/f^  a.  UMdi 
»ui^  *!;«£5m«3?  ^  aie  jer^Mi.  iuJiifr  ie^e- 

•^x  °V         "N         '1  1^ 

ffrivtfe..  amlar  ,j-^er/jvUie'y,    J-eeAer 

>  "\  9'       t7  b- 

■fcreecA,  Jearvwa,  ^/ya^^er,     Aaooiej-, 

/Hi^yOo^a,   A^r^j;    AurJ-^.  areias    ti-^rAs 

^         V       r 


•rc/3,  j-oaaJt,  jf6,  Mif;  aiy,  ^e/;  j-i^A^ 
^/W  JVsaJ,  j-i^^.  Meat.,  soM.JVeA,  jvAe, 
Soot,  J-A/,  Am^j;  /aria>ffj't:X>tt^j;  ^,ss. 
JyM^j'.  .iVAftf  (6usJ-.  cAttyt  dt^xe 
hK^,  /iijv,     axe-,    j-uc. 


J^ 


<*«».    .rue,  yu»fs 


T»£SICS  COA'Sa/fytA' AS 


y>rmaei. /rem  «C/  ^^  ^)ofe^  /f^,r.r 

U.-zftA  /Ae./VK'ir  A-V  s!  ^,  IS  a^isUii  in 

ctmiej-  fit,  and  i,  id,  i/c,  t^iur,  „ 

flit  jr,.oU,  flrl  tr  pn),  ipt.rfit  i/dn  tlU 


Or       t 


4s    s, 


caj-/,eiC.   -R.,raJiui^   SuAii-ti,    ^aAered 
-^  -^  X  ^ 

?ifia-l:    uA^erAid,    ■X.7aZ'£,    ieAi>rcA. 
^  >^  r  ^ 

j^es&nia/^   /seAiaii.,   iUir/id .   Ti.JnitAed- 

CH.  CAii&d,  f»ciAi€-raA,,  cAaxiA/, />^Aa.. 

sc^reAai,   3 . 2:njMt^er6A,     iy^ertui^. 
^  -7 


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J/      P 
sd      f 


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jSzi^ra£,  ya^if^^.  *riMere^. 
SK.ZK.  Z^j-Aerati,  i^jtcrad.. /rtiu-urai 


K.  rMUu>Ua<  fornerai.  ianJuirti 

-^-.-^ 


SO.'f  rr  f/jrj  <^     J-!:Ari  rr  Sc/Lrd  9 

^if-a  •«•  Jjrd   » 

.':rr  T  //nd   1    jAri  cr  j'/srd    r 

sdni  "»  S0rd,    r 

^^filr  ,J  Matc   >yiSiit./yu>ui  vary  J&r- 

sjBtri4r,t^xe/xira/e    J'iTeei^,  s  XUa-rda^ 

^  amj-uieivd-,  *"  sgcrei,  a-  J'^^rvd, 

<>•  <»• 


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